Erling's Home

Photo of Bryne by Rune Sattler CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org

One of the most famous footballers today is the still very young Erling Braut Haaland, born in Leeds, but firmly rooted in his home town of Bryne, south of Stavanger, in the Jæren region of southwest Norway. Today's lecture is about his surname.

Like many Norwegians, Erling's surname derives from what was originally a farm-name. According to Wikipedia, his name was originally spelled Håland, which would be the normal modern spelling. Haaland is an alternative, usually older, way of spelling it, which was perhaps adopted by his father when working in Leeds so as not to scare the poor monoglot English with a foreign letter.

According to Rygh's Norske Gaardnavne, there are 31 farms in Norway called Håland or Haaland. The name itself means 'High Land' and it is interestingly quite common in Orkney, too, where it is usually spelled Holland.

Young Erling Braut Haaland grew up in the small town of Bryne, in the municipality of Time. One of the 31 Norwegian farms called Håland or Haaland is actually right on the edge of Bryne, to the southwest, and it is very likely that is where his surname derives from.

And how should it be pronounced? The closest I can get to how an English speaker can get it more or less right is 'Hawlund' ('haw' as in 'jaw' and 'lund' as in 'fund').

There is also a place called Braut, now subdivided into Nord- and Sør- (North- and South-), not far to the northwest of Bryne, which I'm assuming is where his middle name comes from, presumably from his mother's side as is often the custom in Norway nowadays.

So now you know.

The Norwegians Row the Snake

Illustration by Wilhelm Wetlesen for Harald Hardrådes saga, Heimskringla 1899-edition: «Kvinner frå Nidaros står og ser på at skipet vert drive fram med sytti årer.»

Well, tonight is when it happens - Norway meets England in the World Cup. I have already pointed out in a previous blogpost that Erling Braut Haaland's namesake, the eleventh-century Erlingr Skjalgsson, said, before a battle, that 'eagles should fight face to face'. Since he was from the same part of Norway as today's Erling, I am sure that will happen tonight.

A lot of attention has been paid to the 'Viking Row' as practised by the Norwegian fans to encourage the team and by the team itself to celebrate. Indeed, a recent blogpost on the History Extra website by David Musgrove explains the origins of this phenomenon in the fact that (a) vikings did row and (b) they chanted while doing it. Part of the evidence cited is an old article by my PhD supervisor, Dr Richard Perkins (here is a link to a better version of the article, it's on pp. 155 ff.) on rowing chants. Now Richard was mainly interested in arguing that rowing chants were an important influence in the development of skaldic poetry, and particularly the version known as dróttkvætt, the metre in which most of the poetry in praise of Viking Age kings and chieftains was composed. The argument is long and complex but what is relevant here is that some of the poetry describes the rowing process on the way to battle.

Probably the best poem for understanding viking rowing and sailing is by Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, an Icelandic poet who composed in praise of the Norwegian king Haraldr Sigurðarson. Haraldr famously died in England in 1066, at the battle of Stamford Bridge (a non-football connection, that, since it was the one in Yorkshire, not Chelsea). Þjóðólfr's poem, which inspired the illustration above, describes Haraldr's war-fleet. The poem includes the following stanza, as edited and translated by Diana Whaley:

Sorgar veit, áðr slíti
sæfang ór mar strǫngum
herr, þars heldr til varra,
hár sjau tøgum ára.
Norðmeðr róa naðri
neglðum straum inn heglða
— úts, sem innan líti
arnarvæng — með jarni.

Anguish will be felt, before the troop whips the sea-gear [oar] out of the powerful sea, where the oarport holds [each of] the seventy oars in place for the stroke [lit. strokes]. The Norwegians row the snake [ship] nailed with iron on the hail-beaten current; [looking] out, it is like seeing an eagle’s wing from within.

I've always loved that last bit, that looking out of the ship while the men are rowing is 'like seeing an eagle's wing from within' - what a perfect image! It also fits nicely with Erlingr's rallying cry, as noted above, that 'eagles should fight face to face'. The idea of the ship as a snake or dragon is quite common in this poetry, derived, I think, not so much from the dragon figureheads on some ships, but from the slithering flexibility in the water of viking ships.

If Erling Braut Haaland is as interested in his Viking ancestry as seems to be the case, he would do well to read some of this eleventh-century poetry and draw some inspiration from that. So let's hope that tonight the Norwegians do indeed 'row the snake' to victory.

All Erling Together

Erling Skjalgsson by Theodor Kittelsen (public domain)

It seems to be Erling Haaland weekend. The most famous contemporary Norwegian and footballing superstar's club, Manchester City, won the FA Cup yesterday. Perhaps a premonition of this was an item in the Guardian on Friday (actually in the print version yesterday) announcing that he was to make his acting debut, playing a Viking in a forthcoming film. This item caught my eye, as the film is to be called Viqueens. Have they appropriated my alias, which I have had since 2008? Somehow, the story line as cited doesn't suggest they have read my book on Women in the Viking Age, or even any of this blog:

two courageous Viking girls go from Norway to China. Discovering secrets, becoming proficient with dragon kites, fireworks and kung fu, and realising that friendship’s gifts surpass anything taken from adversaries

Ah well. Actually, I was more interested in another Erling Haaland story not so long ago. Back in March, it was announced that Erling and his dad had bought, and gifted to their home municipality of Time, a 1594 printed version of Mattis Størssøn's chronicle of the kings of Norway. This is a rather free retelling, not a translation, of various kings' sagas and other medieval works. The surviving manuscripts show that the work was completed by about 1570, and the 1594 printed version, published in Copenhagen, has been somewhat Danified, changing some of the Norwegian and Old Norse vocabulary used in the original. Erling H. must know that he shares his name with Erlingr Skjalgsson, also from the district of Jæren, who features in the medieval sagas and so in this work too. Here is a little snippet about Erlingr in the 1962 edition (based on the manuscripts, not the printed version) of Mattis Størssøn's chronicle by Mikjel Sørlie:

My photo, p. 39

There is a brief biography of Erlingr in the Introduction to volume I of Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages and I edited a poem in praise of him in the same volume. The poem focuses chiefly on Erlingr's conflict with the Norwegian king, later saint, Óláfr Haraldsson and, unlike his footballing namesake, Erlingr doesn't come out of it well. Still, 'eagles shall fight face to face' in this stanza might be an appropriate war-chant for the young Erling Haaland:

Ǫndurða bað, jarðar, Erlingr, sás vel lengi geymði lystr, — né lamðisk landvǫrn — klóask ǫrnu, þás hann at sig sǫnnum — sá vas áðr búinn ráða ats — við Útstein hizi Ôleif of tók môlum.

Erlingr, who, joyful, ruled the land well for a long time — his defence of territory did not fail — said eagles should fight face to face, when he addressed Óláfr with true words after the battle there by Utstein; he was previously ready to carry out the attack.

I note that the eleventh-century Erlingr was both defender and attacker!

One more fun fact: Erlingr Skjalgsson is also mentioned in a runic inscription now in Stavanger which also mentions his battle with the king.

Arkeologisk Museum Stavanger CC BY-NC-ND

Oh, by the way, Happy Birthday, Norway!